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Today, sports tourism has turned into one of the important trade and economic strategies for income, employment and infrastructure development for most countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the viewpoints of the tourism experts, physical education experts and sport tourists on the effects of the development of sport tourism on employment and income in Golestan province. Statistical population consisted of 217 subjects (53 tourism experts, 90 physical education experts and 74 sport tourists). This study was a descriptive survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data (α=0.83). For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test) were used. Statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software. The results showed a significant relationship between sport tourism development and an increase in income (P<0.01, X²=185.9) and between sport tourism development and employment (P<0.01, X²=135.6).

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The aim of this research was to study the effect of horse racing sport event on the development of sport tourism with an emphasis on income and employment in Golestan province. The research was a descriptive survey and the statistical sample consisted of 195 subjects. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test) were used. Statistical calculations were performed using SPSS 18 software. The results showed a significant relationship between capacity of sport tourism in Golestan province and hosting horse racing traditional event (P<0.01, X²=86.112), between capacity to host horse racing sport event and development of sport tourism (P<0.01, X²=82.465), between capacity to host horse racing sport event and tourist attraction (P<0.01, X²=77.321), between hosting horse racing sport event and employment increase (P<0.01, X²=62.512), between hosting horse racing traditional event and income increase (P<0.01, X²=63.866) of Golestan residents and between capacity to host horse racing sport event and recreational and sport facilities increase (P<0.01, X²=68/371) from the participants' viewpoints.

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The aim of study was to investigate Iran sport stadiums atmosphere in sport events with most spectators. Research method was descriptive and survey. The statistical population consisted of spectators of those leagues with most spectators (football, wrestling, volleyball) in 2014-2015 season. 400 subjects were selected based on purposive sampling method. Revised Questionnaire of Sport Stadiums Atmosphere by Chen et al. (2013) was used. Its content validity was approved by 15 sport management experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (α=0.74). Descriptive and inferential statistic (K-S, Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson test) were used. Results showed that 'stadium facilities' had the highest mean (6.67) and 'electronic equipment' had the lowest mean (1.28). 'Entertainment' (242.67) had the highest place and 'spectators' behavior' (150.18) had the lowest place in football. 'Spectators' behavior' had the highest and 'stadium facilities' had lowest place in wrestling. 'Spectators' enthusiasm' had the highest and 'entertainment' had the lowest place in volleyball. The highest relationship existed between stadium facilities and electronic equipment. It is concluded that policymakers should try to strengthen the components of sport stadiums atmosphere in order to establish a positive atmosphere in the stadiums of sports event with most spectators.

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The aim of this study was to investigate Sabzevar students' perception of volunteering effects in sport and other events. The study was a descriptive survey conducted as a field. 400 subjects were selected as the sample. Data were collected by Miller (2013) Questionnaire, which was modified and some items were added. Face, content and construct validity of this questionnaire was confirmed. Cranach's alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (=α0.885). For data analysis, t test, MANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used. The results showed a significant difference in the volunteer students' perception of volunteering effects, social and physical-economic capitals in sport and other events. There were no significant differences in cultural and human capitals. There were no significant differences in the sex of the subjects in human, social, physical-economic, and cultural capitals. There was a significant difference in the age of the subjects in sport events group in physical-economic and cultural capitals and there was a significant difference in other events in physical-economic capital. Sport voluntary activities had greater effects than none-sport voluntary activities which could be due to the nature of sport. The authorities and planners need to create opportunities for voluntary activities in order to attract the satisfaction of volunteers of all ages and sexes.

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 The present study aimed at identifying and ranking the perceived effects of Chokheh wrestling sport event from the viewpoints of spectators. The research method was mixed and qualitative research method was used to identify the effects of holding Chokheh wrestling and quantitative research method was used to assess the importance and ranking of factors and components. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of directors, deputies and experts from Sport and Youth general office of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism general office of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Sport and Youth offices in Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Wrestling Committee of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, Rural Sport and Local and Native Games Committee in Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces, and the population in the quantitative section consisted of Chokheh wrestling spectators that were present in the competition of 3 April 2019 in the traditional pit of Zeinal Khan spring in Esfarayen city. The statistical sample included 28 subjects in the qualitative section and 384 subjects in the quantitative section. Semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire were used for data collection and Friedman test was used to analyze the data in the inferential statistics. The results showed that recreational-tourism, cultural, social, political, environmental and economic factors were the most important effects of Chokheh wrestling event; therefore, managers, officials, planners and organizers should consider these variables as important effects of Chokheh wrestling in hosting communities.

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The present study seeks a model for holding major sporting events with an emphasis on national brand development. The research method is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative part, the statistical population, including professors and sports activists, and the statistical sample was done by stratified random sampling. Adequate number for modeling in pls software was 300 people, all inferential statistical tests were used in SPSS24 software and for structural modeling and measuring multiple relationships between variables, smart pls were used. In the qualitative section and after coding the interviews, 59 effective components were identified. The results of the fuzzy Delphi technique section were reduced to 35 cords in four components. Exploratory factor analysis classified 35 identified indicators into 8 categories: national branding, business, managerial, event specificity, brand capability, event marketing, performance and resources. The results of path analysis showed that the event specificity factor has a positive effect on brand capability and has no effect on national and commercial branding. Event marketing has a positive effect on event specificity and performance. Management factors have a positive effect on marketing and business, a negative effect on performance and no effect on the nature of the event. Commercial factors do not have a significant effect on national branding. Brand capability has no significant effect on national branding and no significant effect on resources. The framework of the present research can create an understanding of the dimensions of the event brand based on their relationship with a set of event activities. Based on the model, it is possible to make an objective assessment of the level of management activities in each sporting event and provide the necessary scientific information on all the appropriate measures that sports organizations should take to brand a sporting event.

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